English instructors use several approaches (all valid) in reading and marking students' papers.  One instructor may mark in the correction needed (disadvantage:  the teacher is doing the work of the student); another instructor may mark, say, "CS" for "comma splice" (disadvantage:  the student has to learn the abbreviations or look them up in a chart); a third teacher may use chapter numbers from the textbook to identify problems, such as "3" in Harbrace for comma splices or run-ons (disadvantage: the student has to look up the numbers).  A teacher who isn't worth his or her salt will simply put A-, B+, C- on a paper and not put any comments or marks.
 

Harbrace Chapter

Problem

Equivalent Chapter in English Simplified (under construction)

1	Sentence and Its Parts
2	Fragment, Incomplete Sentences
3	Comma Splices, run-ons PUT A PERIOD.
4a 4b 4c	Adverbs Adjectives Comparitives, Suplerlatives
5	Case
6	Agreement
7	Verb Form
8b 8d	Proper format Proofreading
9a-e 9f	Capitalization Unnecessary caps.
10	Italics/underlining
11a-f 11g-h	Abbreviations Use of numbers
12	Comma usage
13	Unnecessary commas (also any other punct. mark)
14	Semicolon
15 15d	Apostrophes Misuse of apostrophes
16 16a(3)	Quotation marks Quotes w/in quotes
17a 17b 17c 17d 17e 17f 17g 17h 17i	Period Question Mark Exclamation Colon Dash (use two hyphens) Parentheses Brackets Slash Ellipsis points (3 periods)
18a 18e 18g	Spelling Plurals (suffixes) Hyphenation
19	Good usage
20a 20b 20c	Exact word choice Use of idiom Fresh lang. vs. cliches
21 21c	Wordiness Repetition of words
22	Omissions
23 23c 23d	Alignment Mixed metaphors, etc. Faulty predication
24 24c	Subordination Excessive subordination
25 25b	Misplaced parts Dangling modifiers
26	Parallelism
27	Avoiding shifts in tense, mood, person, number, direct & indirect discourse, tone & style, perspective, etc.
28	Pronoun reference
29   29d	Emphasis (the musical chapter--beginning and ending strong) Use active, not passive verbs
30	Variety (avoiding monotony)
31 31a 31b 31c 31d	Paragraph Topic sentence Coherence Details & examples Revising
32 32c 32d-f	The whole paper The thesis (focus) Putting thoughts together
33	Polishing the paper
GU p.743   p. 744 p. 745   p. 746 p. 750     p. 751 p. 752 p. 753 p. 754	Glossary of Usage A vs. AN ACCEPT vs. EXCEPT ADVICE vs. ADVISE AFFECT vs. EFFECT ALOT; ALREADY vs. ALL READY ALRIGHT AMONG/BETWEEN AND ETC. ANYONE, ETC. DIFFER FROM/WITH DIFFERENT THAN/FROM ETC. FEWER/LESS GET GOOD/WELL HANGED/HUNG LIKE/AS